Confucian Moral Impression Management: A Framework for Navigating Polarization and Incivility in Contemporary Society

Abstract

This dissertation introduces and explores the concept of Confucian Moral Impression Management (CMIM) as a normative framework to address the challenges of social polarization and incivility in contemporary U.S. culture. It examines the detrimental effects of over-valuing and over-prioritizing “authenticity” in social interactions, which often leads to rigidity, rudeness, and hostility in discourse. Drawing from the philosophical insights of early Confucian philosophers, primarily Kongzi (Confucius) and Xunzi, and the sociological theories of Erving Goffman, this work argues for the development and cultivation of a “mindful” disposition that prioritizes pro-social behavior such as respect for social etiquette and trying to be empathetic and civil. A “mindful” individual is attentive to the moral implications of their self-presentations and strives to impress on others in a manner that is conducive to positive and harmonious social discourse. The first chapter introduces the concept of impression management and establishes its moral dimensions by integrating Confucian notions of li 禮 (social ritual and etiquette), shu 恕 (the “silver-rule” and empathy), and de 德 (a kind of influential moral “power”). The second chapter critiques the cultural emphasis on “authenticity” and its contribution to incivility, particularly in online interactions, advocating instead for the flexibility and adaptability central to CMIM. The final chapter presents a detailed guide to cultivating a mindful disposition and practicing CMIM through the Confucian virtues of zhong 忠 (loyalty to li and honest self-reflection) and shu, emphasizing the role of li in achieving harmonious interactions. By bridging classical Confucian philosophy with modern social challenges, this dissertation demonstrates how CMIM can help individuals navigate polarized environments, reduce hostility, and foster constructive, respectful discourse. It argues that self-cultivation and the intentional practice of moral impression management are essential for achieving social harmony and positive relationships in an increasingly divided world.